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Tirzepatide, a synthetic derivative of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), exhibits simultaneous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) functionality, making it a versatile compound for research. Initially developed to combat type 2 diabetes, Tirzepatide has shown additional benefits in protecting the cardiovascular system and acting as a potent weight loss agent. Research indicates that Tirzepatide can lower blood glucose levels, increase insulin sensitivity, enhance feelings of satiety, and accelerate weight loss. Ideal for research applications, Tirzepatide offers a promising tool for exploring advanced therapeutic strategies in diabetes management, cardiovascular health, and obesity treatment.
Tirzepatide may exhibit synergistic agonistic potential on the GLP-1 and GIP receptors, making Tirzepatide potentially more impactful than strict GLP-1R agonists. Researchers have suggested the affinity of Tirzepatide for GIP-R to be greater than its affinity for GLP-1R. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, or GIP, is naturally produced in the small intestine. Binding to GIP-R inhibits gastric acid secretion and gastrin release while triggering insulin release. GLP-1R is present in beta cells and neurons in the brain, and GLP-1R activation stimulates insulin synthesis and release, thereby reducing appetite. Additionally, GLP-1R activation increases beta cell density in the pancreas by enhancing bcl-2 gene expression and reducing apoptosis, ultimately increasing insulin levels.(3)
Research indicates that Tirzepatide may act identically to GIP at GIP-R, but its activity at GLP-1R appears to favor cAMP production over β-arrestin recruitment. This difference in activity from endogenous GLP-1 leads to enhanced GLP-1R activity without increasing physiological internalization of the receptor, giving Tirzepatide the potential to be more impactful than other synthetic GLP-1R agonists. Tirzepatide may potentially induce insulin secretion, promotes feelings of satiety, and reduces inflammation in adipose tissue.
Furthermore, Tirzepatide may also modulate adiponectin levels, increasing overall levels of this fat-burning peptide, reducing fat cell differentiation, and increasing energy expenditure. Low adiponectin levels are associated with atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver. (4)
According to research, Tirzepatide has been suggested to delay gastric emptying during the initial stages of presentation. However, this potential appears to wane over time due to tachyphylaxis.(5) These observations are akin to those seen with pure GLP-1R agonists, which suggests that Tirzepatide’s GLP-1 activity may result in this action almost entirely, with no contribution from its GIP activity.
Research suggests that the potential of Tirzepatide on gastric emptying may be extended by presenting the peptide incrementally. This approach has not only been reported to mitigate the adverse activity of the peptide, but also has reportedly induced a dual impact on test subjects. Delayed gastric emptying may lead to an increase in satiety and a reduction in hunger and food cravings. Combined with Tirzepatide’s potential to impact glucose levels, this may alter eating patterns in the long run.
In 2020, a study was conducted by Shweta Urva et al. where: “the effect of a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (RA) Tirzepatide on gastric emptying (GE) was compared to that of GLP-1RAs in non-clinical and clinical studies. Gastric emptying was assessed following acute and chronic treatment with Tirzepatide in diet-induced obese mice versus Semaglutide or long-acting GIP analogue alone.” After the completion of this 4-week study, scientists suggested that the peptide “delayed gastric emptying to a similar degree to that achieved with semaglutide,” indicating that “Tirzepatide’s activity on GE is comparable to that of selective GLP-1RAs.”(5)
Research suggests that Tirzepatide may modify adiponectin levels, with low levels of adiponectin linked to atherosclerosis, obesity, and heart issues. In contrast, higher levels have been associated with a decreased risk of these ailments. Studies(6) on individuals with type 2 diabetes have indicated that Tirzepatide may enhance lipoprotein biomarkers, leading to lower levels of triglycerides, apoC-III, and other lipoproteins, thereby reducing the risk of heart issues. Moreover, the peptide appears to decrease scavenger receptors in macrophages, increase cholesterol efflux, and boost adiponectin levels, increasing HDL levels while reducing triglyceride levels, all of which are linked to a lower risk of heart issues.
Research(7) has indicated that GLP-1 activity is critical in directly regulating cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity and indirectly regulating risk factors like inflammation and endothelial cell dysfunction. The activity of GLP-1 on inflammation and endothelial function appear to be mediated more directly. In the case of endothelial function, GLP-1 signaling has been suggested to induce the relaxation of blood vessels, leading to decreased blood pressure and enhanced end-organ perfusion. This activity appears to stem from an increase in the expression of eNOS, the enzyme responsible for generating nitric oxide and inducing vascular relaxation. GLP-1 signaling also appears to decrease inflammation through several mechanisms, including reduced NF-κB signaling, decreased MMP-9 activity, inhibited inflammatory cytokine synthesis, and reduced inflammatory macrophage activity. These impacts have been observed to last up to three months after a single presentation of a GLP-1R agonist, such as Tirzepatide. (8)
Tirzepatide’s potential long-term activity on weight appear to be caused by GIP agonistic activity. This is because GIP directly affects the insulin sensitivity of adipocytes, which is likely the underlying mechanism behind the peptide’s impact on adiponectin levels. Researchers suggest Tirzepatide may activate GIP receptors in fat cells, increasing insulin sensitivity. This would lead to a reduction in adipose inflammation and an increase in adiponectin levels, with associated benefits.
Additional studies(9) indicate that the peptide hormone may have additional properties that contribute to weight reduction. One of the potential actions of Tirzepatide is GIP signaling in the central nervous system, which may regulate hypothalamic feeding centers, potentially resulting in decreased food intake and improved glucose handling. This, in turn, leads to decreased body weight. Therefore, Tirzepatide has been suggested to impact weight by directly influencing adiponectin signaling in adipose tissue and by altering hunger levels through GIPR signaling in the brain.
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